Evaluating the development level of modern agriculture is crucial for understanding the progress and shortcomings in agricultural and rural modernization and rural revitalization. This paper constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for modern agriculture in Anhui Province through literature review and expert survey. Using the entropy weight TOPSIS method and obstacle degree model, the study examines the development level and primary obstacles of modern agriculture from four dimensions: production level, structural level, agricultural and rural social development level, and sustainable development level. The results indicate that the development level of modern agriculture in Anhui Province has been steadily rising and is currently in a favorable stage of development. However, the agricultural and rural industrial structure significantly hinders modern agricultural development. Therefore, it is essential to adjust and optimize the industrial structure while ensuring agricultural production, support the scaling and standardization of the agricultural product processing industry, continuously promote the integration of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, and improve the coordinated development mechanism of agriculture and rural areas. These measures will further advance agricultural and rural modernization and contribute to rural revitalization.