The relationship between capital and labor, as a fundamental contradiction in Marxist political economy, runs through the production, circulation, and distribution of surplus value, symbolizing the changing development of capitalist productive forces and relations of production. Based on the timeline of the past, present, and future of the big history perspective, a comprehensive spatial exploration of the dialectical relationship between the labor theory of value and capital is conducted. The intertwining of time and space can not only fully highlight the truthfulness, practicality, and developmental characteristics of Marx's labor theory of value, but also realize a comprehensive and scientific critique and transcendence of capital. It is in the continuous advancement of Marxist political economy that scientific socialism can be finally established. In the new era, the rational application of Marx's scientific labor theory of value can provide theoretical and practical guidance for the economic development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and empower the construction of Chinese-style modernization.