Rapid detection of sulphonamide antibiotic contamination in the environment is important for water environment monitoring and management. To fabricate carbon quantum dots based fluorescent molecularly imprinted sensor（CQDs-MIP） with specific recognition ability for sulfamethazine, nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and sulfamethazine were used as the fluorescence source, functional monomer, cross-linker and template molecule respectively. The effects of functional monomer addition, solvent type and cross-linker type on the performance of CQDs-MIP were investigated by adsorption experiments. The experimental results showed that the adsorption process of CQDs-MIP on sulfamethazine was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the second-order kinetic equation, and showed high selectivity for sulfamethazine with the selectivity coefficients of 2.28 and 3.02 with respect to sulfadiazine and sulfadimethazine, respectively. The linear range of CQDs-MIP for sulfamethazine was 2~100 mg·L^-1 with a linear correlation coefficient of R² = 0.9972; CQDs-MIP has the ability to detect sulfamethazine rapidly and sensitively.