At present, the key to expanding domestic demand is to release the consumption potential of rural residents. Infrastructure is the cornerstone and support of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. In this context, examining the role of transportation infrastructure in boosting rural residents' consumption is of practical significance. Based on the panel data of 16 prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province from 2003 to 2018, this paper empirically studies the relationship between transportation infrastructure and per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents. The results show that the acceleration of the transportation infrastructure process can significantly increase the consumption expenditure of rural residents. In the short term, this driving effect is more prominent, and the long-term effect depends on the follow-up of supporting facilities; sub-regional research shows that the impact of transportation infrastructure on rural residents' consumption in backward areas is more obvious. Therefore, further improving the rural transportation infrastructure and breaking the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable development of rural areas should become the proper meaning of implementing the rural revitalization strategy.