作为一项国家重视的新制度，河湖长制与其发展问题的研究日益活跃。河湖长制的实施有助于推动河湖污染治理，对促进环境保护具有重要意义。通过对河湖长制的界定、建设过程、主要任务进行文献和政策的梳理与评价，并基于安徽省2011—2021年面板数据，采用随机块模型（Stochastic Block Model，SBM）对河湖长制实施与水资源利用效率的关系进行分析。结果发现，安徽省水资源利用效率随着河湖长制的实施明显得到提升。但在制度实施过程中依旧存在着有待改善的地方。鉴于此，安徽省在未来发展河湖长制的过程中，应完善河湖长制度的法律建设、重视前期调研工作、做好治理的宣传工作，以实现河湖长制高效管理河湖的目的。

The river and lake chief system, a new system that the state values, is helpful in encouraging the management of river and lake pollution, which is crucial in promoting environmental protection. With the increasingly active research on the river and lake chief system and its development, this paper sorts out and evaluates the literature and policies of the definition, construction process and main tasks of this system. Then, based on the panel data of Anhui Province from 2011 to 2021, the relationship between the implementation of the river and lake chief system and the efficiency of water resource utilization is analyzed by SBM model. The results show that the efficiency of water resource utilization in Anhui Province has been significantly improved with the implementation of the river and lake chief system. However, there are still areas worthy of improvement in the implementation of the system. In view of these problems, Anhui should improve the legal construction, pay attention to the preliminary investigation work, and perform well in publicity work to increase the effectiveness of the river and lake chief system.